Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Rise of Stalin

Essay Topic: â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† How accurate is this statement in relation to the rise of power of either Joseph Stalin or Benito Mussolini? Joseph Stalin’s rise to power in relation to the statement â€Å"People can be swept along by events, whilst others use events to their advantage† is that of the latter when taking a look at how he was able to rise to the position of dictator of the Soviet Union.Stalin meticulously plotted his way into power using influential events, such as the occurrence of his promotion to General Secretary in which he displayed political skills to manipulate political situations, and also the influential post of liaising between Lenin and the Politburo with great success. Though his ascent to the leadership of the Soviet Union was neither easy nor inevitable, Stalin’s success was not an accident. He had tactics in place to gain the position, and Lenin’s de ath was the most major of all events that Stalin used to his advantage to take power.Relative to the statement, Stalin climbed the political ranks by being a loyal supporter and member to the Bolshevik party. Stalin, born in Georgia, and educated at Tiflis Theological College until he was expelled in 1899 for his revolutionary ideas, had joined Lenin's party as early as 1903 and thus was one of the Old Guard among Bolsheviks. To begin with, Stalin was one of Lenin’s favourites, and in 1912, Lenin, appointed him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. SparkNotes, 27/2/13) Stalin worked his way up the political ranks of the communist Bolshevik Party, gaining respect for doing many of the dirty jobs that no-one else wanted such as robbing banks to fund the Bolshevik Party . Between 1917 and 1922, Lenin gave Stalin three key jobs, People’s Commissar for Nationalities, Head of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, and Liaison Officer whi ch gave him a position of some importance amongst the party. However, in 1922, what can now be described as his most influential appointment to occur, Stalin was chosen to be General Secretary of the Communist Party. JohndClare, 27/2/13) His appointment to General Secretary was the most important occurrence in the buildup to Stalin’s battle for power as was the view of British Marxist Historian Edward Carr, who believed the rise of Stalin was due to the Party and the post as General Secretary. At the time this event appeared insignificant, most members in the party saw the job as quite dull and unimportant, but Stalin used it to his advantage with great success. (JohndClare, 1/3/13) The position gave him benefits which allowed him to influence the direction of the Communist Party.The General Secretary position gave Stalin the power to expel or appoint people to posts, and control membership, therefore allowing Stalin to surround himself in the party with his supporters and re move those loyal to his enemies. He had accumulated enormous power into his hands. However, by 1923 Lenin’s thoughts had differed, he had become worried about Stalin, describing him as too brutal and self-serving â€Å"†¦ I am not sure that he will always know how to use that power with sufficient caution. † Fortunately for Stalin, he remained General Secretary until and beyond Lenin’s death.Without the post, Stalin would have found it near impossible to gain enough supporters and authority in order to rise to the heights of power. (Reed, 1967) Stalin was an opportunist, and the deterioration and then death of Lenin surfaced the important question as to who would succeed him. When Lenin died, it created a confused and uncertain atmosphere to the party, however, Stalin was ready. Not only had Stalin claimed to be the true heir of the master’s legacy at Lenin’s funeral, but he also used Lenin’s death to emulate the glow of Lenin’s achievements by skilfully manipulating the dead leader’s legacy for his own ends. Suite101, 4/3/13) This event provided the chance for Stalin to ride on the movement of popular enthusiasm for Lenin and his accomplishments. Though, despite having an accomplished political position, and having effectively executed his tactics of surrounding himself with his supporters, Stalin’s quest for power was hampered by the revelation in Lenin’s Testament â€Å"I suggest the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man. † Through this revelation, Lenin’s death was the time for Stalin to put his plans into practice.Succession of Lenin would be achieved at the defeat of his insufficient political rivals. He would do this by out-manoeuvring them through political brilliance and ruthlessness. Everybody expected Trotsky the incredible leader of the Red Army would take over the leadership. (Reed, 1967) Stalin and Trotsky wer e therefore in competition for leadership as Trotsky was his main challenge. Their rivalry moved from relatively minor antagonisms and jealousies to bitter competition for the role of Lenin's successor. (Pereira, 1992) Stalin furthermore used his additional jobs such as networking between Lenin and the Politburo when Lenin was ill.This meant that he controlled access to Lenin, and in doing so was able to send Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral. Trotsky’s noted absence from Lenin’s funeral resulted in him being depicted as an arrogant character, and consequently Trotsky’s colleagues overlooked his excellent leadership for his big-headed attitude. Stalin therefore formed an alliance with left wing Zinoviev and Kamenev to cover up Lenin’s testament and get Trotsky dismissed in 1925. He then jumped ships to rightist side and encouraged ‘Socialism in one country’ as opposed to ‘World Socialism’ which resulted in the dis missal of Zinoviev and Kamenev.Lastly, he used the General Secretary position to argue that the New Economic Policy was against communism, leading to the dismissal of the right wing Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. (JohndClare, 5/3/13) Stalin’s political cleverness was the difference between him and his rivals as viewed by historian Chris Ward, â€Å"Trotsky and Bukharin might win the argument, but Stalin invariably won the vote†. Stalin had longed to be a hero and leader, (Reed, 1967) so he used everything he had to his greatest advantage â€Å"He’s not an intellectual like the other people you will meet †¦ but he knows what he wants.He’s got willpower, and he’s going to be on top of the pile someday† as viewed in Author John Reed’s seemingly accurate prediction on the outcome of Stalin. (Reed, 1919, 96) Stalin gained office after office, as he climbed the political ladder, though not until 1929 had he consolidated his position as he ad of the Communist Party. His ambition and highly calculated approach was a major factor to securing power. Though most importantly, his ascent to leadership was based on the various positions he held in the party and his ability to use them as an edge over his opponents with great skill at the death of his predecessor.His desire to become leader of the Soviet Union was developed by his appointment to General Secretary. However, the death of Lenin opened the door for opportunity. Stalin was an opportunist. He was able to rise to the power how he did because he recognised the importance of each event as they came, and used them to his own advantage. Bibliography: Internet * Stalin Takes Power, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ9. htm * Brett Reed,  European History, 1967, accessed 28. 2. 13 http://www. johndclare. net/Russ_Rev_Brett. htm Infoplease, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Copyright  © 2011, Columbia University Press, http://www. infoplease. com/en cyclopedia/people/stalin-joseph-vissarionovich-rise-to-power. html * SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Joseph Stalin. † 2005. http://www. sparknotes. com/biography/stalin/ accessed February 27. 2. 13 * Moreorless, Joseph Stalin, Last modified 21 January 2013, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://www. moreorless. au. com/killers/stalin. html * Alan Kinghorn, Suite101, January 30 2011, accessed 4. 3. 13 http://suite101. om/article/stalin-and-the-battle-to-succeed-lenin-a340177 * Norman Pereira, HistoryToday, Stalin and the communist Party in the 1920s, Published 1992, Viewed 9. 3. 13, http://www. historytoday. com/norman-pereira/stalin-and-communist-party-1920s Books * Josh Brooman, 1994, Russia and the USSR: Empire of Revolution, Longman Group Limited, Essex * John Reed, 1919, Ten Days that shook the World, 1919, Boni & Liveright, New York * Dean Smart, 1998, Russia under Lenin and Stalin, Stanley Thornes, Ellenborough * Steve Phillips, 2000, Lenin and the Russian Revolution, Heinema nn

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Modeling Product Line Variants

CNC &CSEE – 2013 Complete Program Schedule Registration-8. 00AM— 8. 30AM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 1 Time: 8. 30AM – 11. 15 AM Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia Chair 2: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru College of Engg & Tech, India) Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013 ­Ã‚  27  F On ­line  Power  System  Static  Security   Sunitha  R Assessment  in  a  Distributed  Computing  Frame Work CNC2013 ­Ã‚  30  F Multiple  Automatic  Design  Vector  Generation  for   Selva  Kumar  R   Efficient  Systolic  Architecture  using  NICCNC2013 ­Ã‚  32  F A  Rough  Set  Based  Feature  Selection  Algorithm   S  Ã‚  Muthurajkumar for  Effective  Intrusion  Detection  in  Cloud  Model CNC2013 ­39  F Sub ­feature  Selection  with  Privacy  in Hemanta  Kumar Decentralized  Network  based  on  Fuzzy Bhuyan Environment CNC2013- 54 F Active  Inductor  based  Tunable  VCO  for  UMTS,    J. Manjula CDMA  2000,  EDGE,  Flash  OFDM  and  802. 15. 4 Applications CNC2013 ­Ã‚  56  F An  Efficient  Design  Approach  for  Low  Leakage  &   Shweta  Singh   High  Performance  MTCMOS  Circuit;  with  NBTI Aware  Analysis CNC2013 ­Ã‚  61  F A  Novel  Fingerprint  Indexing  Technique  based   N  Ã‚  Poonguzhali n  Level ­1  and  Level ­Ã‚  2  Features CNC2013 ­Ã‚  68  F A  Review  on  Security  in  Vehicular  Network Bhagyashree Gadekar  (Dharaskar) CNC2013 ­Ã‚  72  F Personal  Authentication  based  on  Angular   K. Usha Geometric  Analysis  using  Finger  Back  Knuckle Surface CNC2013 ­Ã‚  76  F A  New  Trust  Management  Mechanism  for   A  Sudhir  Babu Improving  the  Performance  of  DSR  Protocol CNC2013- 85 F Framework of an Automata Capable of Modeling Arpit Reversibility along-with Concurrency and Probabilistic Environment CNC2013-534 F Computational Solution of First Order Linear Elayaraja AruchunanFredholm Integro-Differential Equations by QuarterSweep Successive Over Relaxation Method Tea Break 11. 15AM – 11. 30 AM Official Inauguration -11. 30AM—12. 00 PM Key Note-12. 00 PM—12. 45 PM Photo Session-12. 45 PM — 1. 00 PM Lunch Break- 1. 00 PM—2. 00 PM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia College of Engg & Tech, India) Session 2 Time: 2. 00 PM – 4. 00 PM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013-535 F Efficient  computer  aided  system  based  on   B. Sridhar athematical  morphology  and  higher  order partial  differential  equations  for  breast  cancer detection CNC2013 ­544  F Fuzzy  Based  Node  Disjoint  QoS  Routingà ‚  in   Vijayashree  Budyal MANETs  by  Using  Agents CNC2013-546 F Trust Assessment Policy Manager in Cloud Ajay Basil Varghese Computing CNC2013-556 F An  Analysis  of  Linear  and  Non ­linear  Controller   A. Rameshkumar on  Quasi ­Resonant  Buck  Converter CNC2013-558 F Prefiltering Approach to the Non-Blind Beamforming Swapnil M. Hirikude Algorithm for Smart Antenna CNC2013 ­Ã‚  34  S A  Gaussian  Plume ­based  Population  Exposure   Manish  VermaApproach  to  Railroad  Transportation  of Hazardous  Materials CNC2013 ­Ã‚  44  S Artificial  Neural  Network  Based  Learning  in   Mithra  Venkatesan Cognitive  Radio CNC2013 ­Ã‚  50  S Speech  Recognition  using  Hidden  Markov  Model Varsha  N  Degaonkar CNC2013 ­525  S Optimization  of  Inter ­satellite  Link  (ISL)  in   Amandeep  Kaur Hybrid  OFDM ­IsOWC  Transmission  System Tea Break 4. 00 PM â€⠀œ 4. 15 PM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 3 Time: 4. 15 PM – 5. 45 PM Chair 1: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada India) University, India ) Paper IDTitle Registered Author CSEE2013- 10 F Classification of Devnagari Handwritten Characters Dinesh V. Rojatkar using Single Hidden Layer Neural Network with Mixed Activation Function CSEE2013- 15 F Fuzzy Logic Controller with Maximum Power Point Arulmurugan R Tracking Using Creative Design of DC to DC Buck Converter for Photovoltaic Power System CSEE2013-519 F Power  Gating  Approach  for  Design  of  45nm  Low   Chhavi Saxena Ground  Bounce  Noise  Carry  Look  Ahead  Adder Circuit CSEE2013- 8 S An Optimization Approach for Power Factor S. Neelima Correction and Capacitor Placement in a Distribution SystemCSEE2013- 502 S Wireless  Sensor  Network  (WSN)  Using  Particle   Shekh  Md Swarm  Opti mization Mahmudul  Islam CSEE2013- 521 S Simulation and Design of SRF Based Control Gnanaprakasam D CSEE2013- 14 P CSEE2013-520 P Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Active Power Filter Effect of Energy storage Devices in Hydrothermal Power Systems by Using Various Controllers Fuzzy Controlled Shunt Active Power Filter for Line Harmonic Mitigation B. Partheeban Durgalakshmi. K Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall I Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia College of Engg & Tech, India) Paper ID CNC2013 ­Ã‚  65  F CNC2013- 11 S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  22  SCNC2013 ­Ã‚  33  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  55  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  57  S CNC2013 ­59  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  64  S CNC2013- 71 S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  82  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  87  S Session 4 Time: 9. 00 AM – 11. 00 AM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Title Registered Author K ­phase  Erlang  Distribution  method  in  Cloud Ayush  Agarwal Computing A Framework for Evaluating Web Service based on B Taslina Threat Patterns Integration  of  Customizable  Wireless  Sensor A  Ã‚  Lakshmi Node  with  Cascade  Control  System Sangeetha A  Meta ­Heuristic  Approach  to  Rail ­Truck Manish  Verma Intermodal  Transportation  of  Hazardous MaterialsWeMDAG:  Web  Sequential  Pattern  Mining  using   Srikantaiah  K  C Directed  Acyclic  Graph A  Semantic  Web  Approach  to  Verifying  Product Sheikh  Md. Alam Line  Variant  Requirements Hossain Privacy  for  Feature  Selection  in  Distributed  Data   Hemanta  Kumar   Mining  using  Knowledge  based  Data  Support Bhuyan An  Effective  Resource  Allocation  Scheme  in M  Ã‚  Prasad Relay  Enhanced  LTE ­A J. Sengathir Selfish  Aware  Mathematical  Model  Based  On Conditional  Reliability  Expectation  Coefficient A  Unified  Architecture  for  Surfacing  the G  Ã‚  Pavai Contents   of  Deep  Web  Databases Multi ­Objective  Clustering  Using  Artificial  BeeSeyed  Saleh Colony Rastkhadiv Tea Break 11. 00 AM – 11. 15 AM Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 5 Time: 11. 15AM – 1. 00PM Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia Chair 2: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru College of Engg & Tech, India) Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013-514 S P Asha Mining  Interesting  Association  Rules  with  a Heterogeneous  Environment CNC2013-516 S Multilevel Cryptography Scheduler Chaitali Chandankhede CNC2013 ­529  S A  Review  of  Matrix  Converter  and  Novel  Control   K  V  Kandasamy Method  of  DC ­AC  Matrix  ConverteCNC2013 ­549  S Impact  of  Fin  Dimensions  and  Gate  Dielectric   Kiran  Bailey Thickness  on  the  Static  Power  Dissipation  of  6T ­ FinFET  SRAM  cell Reconfigurable  Supercell  Design  f or  Pseudo Inverse  Module  using  Xilinx  System  Generator CNC2013 ­37  P Comparative  study  of  Effects  of  delay  in  Load Balancing  scheme  for  highly  load  variant Interactive  Applications CNC2013 ­Ã‚  51  P A  Novel  Approach  For  De ­Noising  CT  Images CNC2013  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  52  P Highly  Parallel  Pipelined  VLSI  Ã‚  Implementation   of  Lifting  Based  2D  Discrete  Wavelet  Transform CNC2013 ­Ã‚  63  P Enhancing  the  security  framework  in  cloud C infrastructureCNC2013 ­511  P Challenging  Issues  in  Inter ­Satellite  Optical   Wireless  Systems  (IsOWC)  and  its  Mitigation Techniques CNC2013 ­513  P Policy  Driven  Dynamic  LUN  space  optimization   Based  on  the  Utilization CNC2013 ­515  P Challenging  Issues  in  VANET  Network  and  its   Routing  Algorithms ­An  Analysis CNC2013-562 S Shirly Edward. A Sampada  S Kalmankar Mredhula  Ã‚  L Jayaraj  U  Kidav Kiran  S Aparna  B  Bhat Amandeep  Kaur Taranisen  Mohanta Shashi  Kant Lunch Break 1. 00 PM – 2. 00 PM Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall II Chair 1: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper IDCNC2013-526 P CNC2013 ­532  P CNC2013 ­540  P CNC2013-545 P CNC2013-574 P CNC2013-576 P CNC2013 ­582  P CNC2013-560 T CNC2013 ­563  T CNC2013-577 T Session 6 Time: 2. 00PM – 3. 45PM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Title Registered Author Information Extraction in Knowledge Grid based on Praveen Desai Algebraic Approach using Software Agents An  Analytical  Approach  To  Analyze  The  Impact   Usha  G   Of  Gray  Hole  Attacks  In  Manet A  Comparative  Study  of  Different  Load Pooja  Gandodhar Balancing  Techniques  for  heterogeneous  nodes P. V. MuralidharSpectral  Analysis  Of  Shadow  Ã‚  Window ­FIR Filters An Integrated Framework for IT Infrastructure V. R. Elangovan Management by Work Flow Management using Hierarchical Tree Structure Evaluate  Combined  Sobel ­Canny  Edge  Detector   Luma Salal Hasan for  Image  Procssing A  Secure  Software  Engineering  Perspective Arun  Mishra Agent Based Aggregation of Cloud Services- A Sreedevi R. Research Agenda Nagarmunoli How  Unstable  is  an  Unstable  System  ? Garimella  Rama Murthy Service Selection using Non-Functional Properties K. Ponmozhi in MANETs Tea Break- 3. 45 PM—4. 00 PM Closing Ceremony 4. 00 PM – 4. 30 PM

Monday, July 29, 2019

An End to Animal Abuse Essay Example for Free

An End to Animal Abuse Essay â€Å"Animals are dying all over the world and becoming endangered species mostly because of animal abuse and cruelty† (James Gorman). It is a worldwide problem that will continue unless people are concerned about it or stop doing it. There should be more laws regulating child labor. Animal abuse stops scientists from researching animals. Animals become endangered species. It also causes psychological effect. Animal abuse must be abolished. One reason animal abuse must be abolished is because it stops scientists from researching other animals. â€Å"Researching animals helped make medicines for terrible diseases.† (James Gorman). One endangered animal is the chimpanzee, which is endangered because of being trapped in cages. Another reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animals die and become endangered species. â€Å"Breeds of horses face endangerment and extinction because of animal abuse.† (www.horsetradition.com). These horses get slaughtered by people for their meat because people think horses can cure HIV. Some horses are killed because of religion. Last reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animal abuse causes psychological effect. â€Å"This means animals are shy and aggressive because of being injured and hurt. The most negative thing about animal abuse is psychological effect.† (James Gorman). As you can see, there are many reasons why there should be more laws regulating animal abuse. Animals getting injured and hurt badly causes many horrible things. It makes scientists give up on their research on animals, animals get close to endangerment or extinction, and most importantly, it will cause effects when animals are hurt. If you see animals getting abused or treated bad, call the ASPCA. They are professionals and save and find homes for animals every day. An End to Animal Abuse. (2016, Sep 30).

Anythin to do with Microeconomics Research Proposal

Anythin to do with Microeconomics - Research Proposal Example Retail shopping can be defined as the process of evaluation of goods or services from retail outlets by consumers aiming to buy those goods or services. Retail shopping takes place in different venues ranging from hypermarkets, shopping malls and departmental stores to bazaars, second-hand stores, dollar stores and flea markets. Today, retail shopping is not only a necessity that enables retail consumers to acquire goods or services for use in everyday life, but it is also a leisure activity that combines delight, relaxation, amusement and the chance to spend ‘quality time’ with friends and relatives. In a few cases, retail shopping is an arduous, time-consuming and unpleasant activity where consumers are obliged to line up in long queues for long hours to purchase popular items {for example, during holiday shopping}. The retail consumer’s decision to buy is a successful culmination of eight consecutive stages: ‘need’ which convinces the retail consumer to buy certain goods or services, ‘awareness’ involving advertisers of goods and services reaching out to prospective buyers using persuasive brand communication, ‘preference’ when retail consumers decide that they prefer certain brands, ‘search’ involving consumers initiating searches for retail outlets where their preferred brand is being sold, ‘selection’ involving choosing their preferred item, ‘purchase’ involving the consumer conveying final confirmation by paying for the item, ‘use’ involves the consumer making practical use of the item, and ‘satisfaction’ involving the consumer’s firm conviction that the item purchased has fully lived up to expectations (Sharma). Phil Kotler defines Atmospherics as â€Å"the effort to design buying environments to produce specific emotional effects in the buyer that enhance his or her purchase probability.† In â€Å"Marketing of the Mind†, the

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Term Paper

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences - Term Paper Example and multiplication tables without a deep understanding of the project. There have been mixed reactions to this theory. Experiments have revealed that there is high correlation between the two. Many scholars are in support of the suggestive approaches of the theory. Without claiming it to be the final list Gardner has made a list of eight basic types of intelligences. The actual list prepared by Gardner had seven different types of intelligences and later in the year 1999, he added a naturalist intelligence which makes it a list of eight. ... Presently the theory’s eight accepted types of intelligences are musical, intrapersonal, naturalistic, interpersonal, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical and linguistic. The areas like ability to visualize with the eye of one’s mind and spatial judgment are deal by spatial intelligence. Architects, artists and designer according to the theory are examples of people with such intelligence. Studies also suggest that people with this type of intelligence are very good with puzzles. The linguistic intelligence area deals with people with high intelligence in the fields of words, written or spoken, people who have a high intelligence of verbal linguistics show a potentially high capability with languages and words. Such people are relatively good with memorizing dates, words, telling stories, reading and writing when compared to others. In such cases people who possess linguistic intelligence learn better by listening lectures, reading, by debates and discussio ns and by taking notes. Foreign languages are easily learned and remembered by people with verbal linguistic intelligence, they are very good in understanding and manipulating structure and grammar. They also possess a very high verbal memory and are able to recollect very fast. Logical – mathematical intelligence, this area deals with numbers, abstractions, reasoning and logic. Though it is often said that people with such intelligence are good at games like chess, subjects like computer programming, mathematics and other numeric and logical activities, the theory emphasizes that this type of intelligence has to do with various abilities like, performing calculations that are complex, investigations and scientific thinking, recognition of abstract patterns and reasoning abilities. The theory

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully Research Proposal

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully - Research Proposal Example Regulations and common sense both mandate that each aircraft be the subject of a fully documented maintenance protocol towards ensuring the airworthiness and serviceability of the aircraft. Routine preventive maintenance, although well within the purview of common sense, is not a required part of the maintenance protocol. Within the aircraft maintenance protocol, each aircraft and the work required for its service is regarded as an individual project. The reality of aircraft maintenance project management (AMPM) is that several overlapping projects must be managed simultaneously. This presents major obstacles and difficulties for the aircraft maintenance organization in terms of resource management and utilization, budgetary constraints, priority conflicts and lead-time fulfillment. These considerations are compounded by several factors. Greater demands are being placed on aircraft as the number of passenger miles being flown trends upward over time. The number of aircraft being flown also trends upward but at a disproportionate rate. More importantly for the proposed research, the number of aviation maintenance technicians in the industry trends upward at a much lower rate, suggesting that the workload placed on maintenance technicians per capita is becoming ever greater. Air Transport Association o f America statistics for the 12-year period from 1983 to 1995 gives these increases as 187%, 70% and 27% respectively, supporting the ‘work overload’ factor of AMPM. Baron (2009) discusses at some length untoward events that can be attributed directly to the effects of fatigue experienced by aircraft maintenance personnel, and so to the project management practices of their working environments. It is important to note the finding recounted by Baron from a study conducted by Johnson et al in 2002. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, those authors discerned that in general, AMTs and AMEs working in aircraft maintenance services were

Friday, July 26, 2019

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Human resources - Essay Example Test design and validation are key principles in the assessment process during selection of personnel that ensure relevance of tests been administered. In essence, test validation highlights the process of establishing relations between the test administered and the job in question. The validity of a test is critical when selecting a test as it refers to the characteristic being measured and how well the test produces the best results. Validity indicates how reliable the results yielded are in line with the purpose of the test as well as ensuring relevance of the assessment process. There are three main methods of ensuring validation in assessments procedures and they include criterion-related validity, content-related validity, and construct-related validity. Criterion-related validity provides data indicating statistical relationship between test performance and key job factors, which provides predictive information on work behaviour. In this case, an individual who performs well in such tests is bound to perform better in the job than someone who yielded low scores. Content-related validity produces evidence that illustrates the composition of the test demonstrates crucial behaviour in relation to the job. The test dwells on requirements and qualifications of an individual for the desired position. For instance, fire fighters must demonstrate their physical ability in stressful situations and reflect minimum strength required to perform safety procedures associated with their line of work. Finally, construct-related validity refers to the assessment of indiv idual traits such as personality and core values that are critical in delivery on the job. For instance, aspiring candidates for the position of customer care personnel should exercise tolerance by default in order to provide efficiently required information to irate customers. The importance of indicating clear job

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Employees Motivation and Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Employees Motivation and Empowerment - Essay Example At the same time motivation has different facets that need to be analyzed for a better understanding over this concept. In the discussion, the role of motivation and empowerment, as important aspects of leadership has been underpinned in an illustrative and logical manner. The first part of the discussion highlights wide arrays of theories on motivation and empowerment along with understanding its positive and negative implications in the competitive business environment. It needs to be understood that every organization has different ways of empowering and motivating its employees based on organizational goals and objectives and understanding over the internal and external environment. The discussion encompasses these elements while defining the use, importance and relevance of the motivation and empowerment. The second part of the discussion highlights the motivation and empowerment practices prevailing in Google along with relating the discussed theories in the first part with the operational framework of Google. This has been done to understand the overall worthiness of these theories in one of the highly admired and desired organizations across the world. The second part of the discussion also relates the prevailing motivation and empowerment practices of Google with other organizations in order to analyze the global acceptance and appeal of these practices and theories in the global business environment. This will also help in understanding the overall importance of key concepts of employees motivation and empowerment. Employee’s Motivation â€Å"Academic theories about employee motivation, empowerment and performance are just that -theories. They are of little practical use to business leaders or their companies†. This sentence can be considered as quite true and practical in the context of the current business environment as leadership is intangible in nature with no clear definition. It is a quality that reflects in the behavior and attit ude of leaders along with affecting the behavior and attitude of others within the organization (Adams, 1997 p- 287). Moreover, this statement requires proper understanding and analysis to identify whether these are only theories or have some practical implication within the organization. It is important to assess whether organizations mould their culture and behavior as per the written theories or identify new ways by understanding their sources and resources. For this purpose, wide arrays of theories on motivation has been studied and analyzed. Motivation is one of the highly complex topics in the management studies with a number of theories defining the actual purpose and importance of motivation. These theories can be considered as of great importance for managers and leaders to identify ways of improving employee’s commitment level and performance at work. Motivation can be defined as the influences and processes that either increases or decreases an individual’s desire to achieve personal and organizational goals in the short as well as in the long run. On the other hand, performance can be defined as fulfillment of tasks and responsibilities in a desired manner affecting the operational framework of an organization. It can be assumed that there is a close relationship between motivation and performance. If the motivational processes and influences help in increasing an individual’s desire to achieve mutual goals, it will positively affect his performance by extracting the best out of him in any kind of situations. Empowerment can be considered

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Cooperation is more important than competition Essay

Cooperation is more important than competition - Essay Example In cooperation, there is the collective role of achieving a goal for the benefit of everyone. Competition in businesses leads to the production of better products and services; however, it may lead to the collapse of one business, leaving the other one in the market. In personal development, cooperation is more preferable. It results in better individuals and better society as a whole. Teamwork is the major bearer of cooperation, in which the productivity of each individual is enhanced. The society today embraces competition, which is problematic, instead of embracing cooperation for positive individual and societal growth. Social conditioning is to blame for high competition in the world today. Schools teach students to compete academically, while in the business world, promotions and salary increments are offered on merit of improvements on performances, which is based on ranks. Big businesses, learning institutions, health care institutions, as well as parents still perpetuate the competition element, disregarding cooperation. None of them realizes the adverse effects competition has on the economy, as well as personal development of individuals. It is quite unfortunate that people are not taught cooperative skills at an early age. This has fostered a culture of competition in the society today. ... Besides, cooperation involves making other people better. This is because while cooperating, talented individuals uplift the less talented individuals. Cooperation in itself is fulfilling and therefore, individuals must adopt it. The skills of cooperation should be imparted in individuals when they are still in their early ages. This way, children grow up into adults who value and embrace cooperation. The process of life is all about relationships and interactions between different people. No man is an island, and therefore, each individual is guaranteed of these interactions. An individual’s life journey starting at their home, school, and workplace is about meeting people and living with them. A student cannot study on their own, an employee too cannot work alone, and neither can a person engage in leisure activities alone. Therefore, if individuals lack cooperation, they will live miserable lives, since they cannot harmoniously co-exist with others. Skills of cooperation mu st be inherent in people in order for them to face different situations life presents to them. Cooperation leads to development of the society. In cooperation, one plus one is larger than two, while in competition, it is a zero-sum game, where one wins, and another loses. A case in point is, if two companies are in a competition, one will definitely lose and maybe fall out of business, while the other remains stronger in the market. If this trend is popular in a country, the number of companies may drop, thus adversely affecting the country’s economy. On the other hand, if two companies decide to cooperate, this results in equal growth of the companies, as they will share improvement ideas. Alternatively, they may merge and form a bigger, stronger company.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 6 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 6 - Essay Example In this case, operating leverage reflects the intensification of the upper part of the revenue statement with the fixed costs being the costs of business procedure and that are not affected by alterations in sales. Within financial and income aspects of any business, working income is a component of business risk. For instance, with two indistinguishable firms and one firm utilizes higher operating advantage with all other things remaining constant, the firm experiences less predictable return on asset and operating income, and this results to elevated risks to the business. With an elevated business threat, the stock- and bondholder are affected (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). Financial leverage involves the degree of utilization of fixed charge securities within the capital structure of a given firm. High financial leverage occurs when the capital structure of a firm is characterized by elevated debts and preferred stock. In this case, the extent of entity sales characterized by equal costs and revenue presents the breakeven point and breakeven analysis can be done with or without financial costs (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). This way, the financial leverage represents the underside half of the revenue statement entails changes in EPS relative to alterations of EBIT. Financial leverage accounts for some aspect of corporation risk through debt financing. Through debt financing, a business is prone to variations in earnings prior to taxation after interests thus elevating earnings per share and the net income. Corporate risk is thus a summation of business risk and financial risk. Modigliani and Miller revealed that whether leveraged or not, firms should have equal value in the absence of taxes and other costs. Further, organizational value and weighted standard capital costs will be free of the capital structure (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). Consequently, constant

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Accounting - Research Paper Example Such expansion will entail the setting up of a store location to offer the pretzels and its new selection not only during annual state fairs, but whole year round. Its customer will no longer have to wait during annual state fairs to avail of the pretzels and its new selection but can now go to a permanent location where they can avail of the pretzels. Such expansion and setting up of store location however needs more capitalization. To this end, the present owner, son of the original owners Mr. and Mrs. Corey, will infuse a $ 50,000 capitalization to finance the expansion. The additional $50,000 loan with additional credit line will be used to cover the additional equipment to expand production and to cover additional overheads. To continue and expand the operation of Corey Pretzels and be able to cater to its unserved market by making Corey Pretzels available through a fixed store location creating and developing delicious, innovative, and a wider array of pretzels selection to the highest quality that will be appealing to different age groups and across different market segment and enhance the company’s market base and profitability. To become the leading provider of pretzel in the next two years through its distinct and delectable taste and by offering a wider array of Pretzels that is innovative and appealing while competitive in price. Pretzel is a unique knot like shape type of baked food made from dough and can be offered in a variety of soft and hard varieties and savory or sweet flavors. It originated from Europe and has a distinct symmetrical looped form. Corey Pretzels was a creation of Mr. and Mrs. John Corey who after years of participation in annual state fair has created a market following owing to the distinct taste and flavor of its pretzels. This was enhanced by the second generation of the Coreys who after experimenting for new flavors of the original

Monday, July 22, 2019

Helicopter Experiment Essay Example for Free

Helicopter Experiment Essay Prediction: As the mass on the helicopter’s copters increases, the speed taken for the rotors to spin down faster, this is because there will be more downward pull from gravity, as the terminal velocity for a paper helicopter is low. Variables: Independent variable will be the mass that we change throughout the experiment. The dependant variable will be the time that we measure for the helicopter to reach the floor. Finally the controlled variables include, the helicopter itself. As well as the height from which the helicopter is released. Apparatus: Paper, Scotch tape, Scissors, Ruler Method: Create a helicopters rotors using take and paper use the diagram to help you Apparatus: 2 meter rulers, one stop watch, one balance, 3 paper clips, pencil. Method: 1) Using both the meter rulers and a pencil make a mark on the wall. 2) Weigh the helicopter then record its weight 3) Hold the paper helicopter parallel to the mark on the wall 4) At the same time release the helicopter and start the stopwatch 5) Stop the stop watch when the helicopter touches the ground 6) Weigh the first paper clip and record its weight 7) Attach the paper clip to helicopter and repeat the experiment 8) Weigh the second paper clip and record its weight 9) Attach the paper clip to helicopter and repeat the experiment 10) Weigh the final paper clip and record its weight 11) Attach the paper clip to helicopter and repeat the experiment Conclusion and Evaluation: In this experiment my prediction was right, therefore proving that the helicopter may reach its terminal velocity faster with higher mass meaning that the speed is greater therefore it allows the helicopter to reach the  ground faster if there is more mass. There are two major flaws in this experiment, the first being the height from which the helicopter is dropped, as it is held away from the mark of 2m therefore it would have inaccuracies of around 10cm this causes the experiment results to vary. Another flaw being the human reaction time, which is pretty slow and inconsistent, this therefore allows us to stop the stopwatches at the wrong time making the experiment inaccurate. If more time was available, a string could have been hung from the ceiling as a mark of height therefore allowing us to accurately drop the helicopter from the same height, rather than dropping it from an *estimated* 2m. The solution for the wrong human reaction time could be easily solved by the use of light gates. The liht gates could be placed on the floor, and when the helicopter lands, the light will be disrupted therefore allowing the sensor to accurately measure the time taken for the helicopter to reach the ground. The graph is showing us that the speed and mass of a helicopter are directly proportional as when mass increases so does speed. However the graph had not been a perfect straight line, this could have been caused by the two inaccuracies pointed out from the experiment

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Term Dalit Literature English Literature Essay

The Term Dalit Literature English Literature Essay Fortunately I read the novel Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand and the novel Thottiyude Makan by Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai. I realize that the two works have some kind of similarities. On the basis of this idea, I read some of the novels of Mulk Raj Anand and Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai. It leads to me an interest to study this topic. Mulk Raj Anand and Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillali are the two famous novelist displays his deep understanding of the pathos and tragedy in the life of the social under dogs in India. So these two novelists have historically import ants in Indian literature. Indian freedom struggle and Nationalist movement has got good results through the works of these writers. Mulk Raj Anand is an anglo Indian novelist. Most of the readers were read the original translated works of him. So he was familiar with all of them Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai is known as the story writer of Kuttanad; .He wrote about women, dalit and environment. DALIT LITERATURE Dalit literature is the literature of the Dalits, by the Dalits and for the Dalits. Dalit(oppressed or broken) is not a new word. Apparently it was used in the 1930s as a Hindi and Marathi translation of depressed classes a term the British used for what are now called the scheduled castes. In 1970s the Dalit Panthers revived the term and expanded its reference to include scheduled tribes, poor peasants, women and all those being exploited politically, economically and in the name of religion. So Dalit is not caste. It is a symbol of change and revolution. The term Dalit literature can into use in 1958, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society). Dalit literature is an important stream of Indian writing in English and other languages of India. It is literature about the oppressed classes and caste of India. A tradition of Dalit writing can be traced to eleventh century writer Cekkilar [Periyapuranam]. Modern Dalit writings are founded on the works and ideological insights of Ambedkar, the chief architect of the constitution of India. Dalit writing is in reparably tied to dalit liberation movements in various parts of India. This category of literature become a significant presents in the 1960s in Marathi literature and later in Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam as well as English poems, short stories, novels besides autobiographies from the major genres of Dalit expression. These writings formed a collective voice that questioned through articulation of their social reality the kind of writings that made them in visible or distorted their identity. Traditionally Dalits were considered to be beyond the pale of varna or caste system. They were originally considered as panchama or the fifth group beyond the fourfold division of Indian people. They were not allowed to let their shadow full upon a non- Dalit caste member and they were required the sweep the ground. Where they walked to remove the contamination of their foot full. Dalit were forbidden to worship in temple or draw water from the same wells as caste Hindus and they usually lived in segregated neighborhood outside the main village. In the Indian country side, the Dalit villages are usually a separate enclave a kilometer or so outside the main village where the other Hindu caste resides. Some upper caste Hindus did warm to Dalits and Hindu priests demoted to low caste- rank. An example of the latter was Dnyaneshawar, who was excommunicated into Dalit status in the 13th century but continued to compose the Dnyaneshwari, a commentary on the Bhagavad gita. Eknath another excommunicated Brahmin, fought for the right of untouchable during the Bhakti period. Historical examples of Dalit priest include chokhamela in the 14th centuary. Who was Indias first rewarded Dalit poet. The declaration by princely states of Kerala between 1936 and 1947 that temples were opened to all Hindus went a long way towards ending the system of UN touch ability in Kerala. According to Kerala tradition the Dalits were focused to maintain at distance of 96 feet from Namboothiries, 64 feet from Nairs and 48 feet from other upper caste, as they were thought to pollute them. Many similar castes collective with different caste names grouped under the umbrella terms Nair and Ezhava and consolidated their power, Dalits remained fragmented as castes and sub castes. At a large stage in Keralas history, the elite communities and casts which had earlier consolidated their position through identity politics transformed their accumulated energies into nation building politics and class politics. The elite classes to promote their own martial and cultural bi as an empowerment they saw as their birth right. Malayalam, Accepted by many scholars to have evolved from Tamil roughly in the 9th century has a history of writing that dates back to the 12th century. The aesthetics of Malayalam literature have been over determined by the literary traditions of Sanskrit. Which include sruthi (cosmic, subliminal communication) Smrithi (remembered literature, secondary texts), and epics and legends (ithihasa purana tradition). Beginning with Kunthalatha said to be the first written novel in Malayalam. Process continued without much difference in perspective. In these works, Hindu spirituality was embraced as the sole solution to the complexity of human existence, there by ignoring a dynamic and productive life- world. It was the pain of this group on which the upper- caste Hindu world of leisure was based. The literature produced by upper caste novelists was the by-product of a lethargic lifestyle, far removed from the world of sweat and toil which supported it. Culturally and epistle mologically fo cused on concepts like moksha, nirvriti and anubhooti [spiritual liberation, Fulfillment and Sensual ecstasy]. It is easy to see that dominant literary tradition of the period known as manipravalam had its Focus Solely on Sexuality and Self indulgence and was in tune with the luxurious lifestyle of the upper caste of the time, in Kerala. Any movement away from the centre that the grand is obligated to make creates a space and platform for the birth of the little. From the 1990s onwards the Malayalam literary scenario has seen celebrations of the differing and plural voices of the historically marginalized, oppressed, and unrepresented. This not only includes the Dalit discourse but other silenced groups- feminists, environmentalists and religious and sexual minorities. One of the characteristic features of emerged and emerging discourses is its tension with the national imagination. Hence, they seek alliance and constellations with the transnational micro, and the local. Any new movement has to pass through three phases: ridicule, resistance and acceptance. Dalit literature in the world has fast-forwarded to the third phrase and is beginning to provide the color and power that only people who live close to the earth can express. The earliest known historical people to have rejected the caste system were Gautama Budha and Mahavera their teaching eventually became independent religions called Bhuddism and Jainism. The earliest known reformations with in Hinduism happen during the medieval period when the Bhakti movements actively encouraged the participation and inclusion of Dalits, in the 19th century. The Bhrahma samaj, Arya samaj, and Ramakrishna mission actively participated in the emancipation of Dalits. While there always have been segregated places for dalits to worship, the first upper-caste temple to openly welcome Dalits to their fold was the Laxmi narayan temple in wardha in the year 1928. Even before Ambedkar, Ayyankali, the leader of the Sadhujana Movement, realized that the leader of the social justice was freedom. Ayyankalis politics was about the emancipation of all the oppressed people and a radical Trans formation at the whole of society. Sadhujanans formulated by Ayyankali, was the coceptualisation of the broken people (Dalits) locating them as the agents of history, as the production of material wealth. In the context of traditional Hindu society, Dalit status has often been historically associated with occupation regarded as radically impure, such as any involving leather work, butchering or removal of rubbish, animal carcasses and waste. Dalit worked as manual laborers clean in street, latrines and sewers. Encasing in these activities was considered to be considered contagious and banned from full participation in Hindu social life. For example they could not enter the temple nota school, and were required for stay outside the village. Since 19050, India has enacted and implemented many laws and social activities to protect and improve the socio economics condition of its Dalit population by 1795, of all job in India. India democratically elected K.R.Narayan, a dalit, as the nations president. Today there is no such practice like UN touch ability; it is observance is criminal offence. However educational opportunities to Dalits in Kerala remain limited. REPRESENTATION OF DALIT IN THE NOVELS OF MULK RAJ ANAND Mulk Raj Anand (December 12,1905-september 28,2004) was an Indian writer in English, notable for his depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglican fiction, he, together with R.K. Narayanan, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an international readership. Born in Peshawar, he studied at Khals a college, Amritsar, before moving to England where he at tended university college London as an undergraduate and later Cambridge university, graduating with a Ph D in 1929. During this time he forged friendships with members of the Bloomsbury Group. He spent some time in Geneva, lecturing at the League of Nations school of intellectual cooperation. Anads literary career was launched by family tragedy, instigated by the rigidity of the caste system. His first prose essay was a response to the suicide of an aunt, who had been excommunicated by his family for sharing a meal with a Muslim. His first main novel , untouchable, published in 1935, was a chilling expose of the day- to-day life of a member of Indias untouchable caste. It is the story of a single day in the life of Bakha, a toilet-cleaner, who accidentally bumps in to a member of a higher caste. Bakha searches for a save to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about UN touch ability by Mahatma Gandhi and a subsequent conversation by two educated Indians, but by the end of the book Anad suggest that it is technology, in the form of the newly introduced flush toilet that may be his savior by eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners. This simple book, which captured the puissance of the Punjabi and Hindi idiom in English, was widely acclaimed and Anad won the reputation of being Indias Charles Dickes. The introduction was written by his friend, E.M.Forster, whom he met while working on T.S.Eliots magazine criterion. In if forst working on T.S.Eliots magazine criterion. In it forester writes avoiding rhetoric and circumlocution, it has gone straight to the heart of its subject and purified it inevitable, Anand, who spent half his time in London and half in India, was drawn to the India independence movement. At the same time, he also supported freedom elsewhere around the globe and even travelled to Spain to volunteer in the Spanish civil war. He spent world war all working as a scriptwriter for the BBC in London, where he becomes a friend of George Orwell. Anand returned to India in 1946, and continued with his prodigious literary output there. His work includes poetry and essay on a wide range of subjects, as well as autobiographies and novels. Prominent among his novels are The koolie() the village(1939), Across the Black waters (1940), the sword and sickle(1942), all written in England, and The private life of an Indian prince (10953), perhaps the most important of his works Witten in India. He also founded a literary magaz ine, Mary, and taught in various universities. During the 1970s, he worked with the international progress organization (I.p.o) on the issue of cultural self- comprehension of nations. He died in pune. In touchable is in the first novel of Mulk Raj Anand. He is a progressive writer for whom the novel takes the form of crusade against the evils of the society. He has his sympathies with the depressed and the underdog. Untouchable follows a day in the life of Bakha, an 18 year old Bhagi boy. The fictional story set in the outcastes colony outside of an unnamed town during the British occupation. The story is narrated by Bakha who is a hard working boy who never disobeys his father despite his repugnance for his and his life style Baktha had worked in the barracks of a British regiment and, had been caught by the glamour of the white mans life. Bakha to imitate the tommies was through Fushun, education and he becomes disgusted with the filth of his brother. Bhangies are the lowest of the low caste and they are given the job of cleaning the latrines and sweeping the streets. The dirty nature of the Bhangis work fathers the view of them as impure. However they all unable to maintain good hygiene because they all unable to maintain good hygiene because they are not allowed to access the local well, as there use would render it impure, untouchable are not allowed to access the local well, as there use would render it impure. Untouchables are not allowed to see the inside of the temple for purity reasons. While Bakha was peering through the window he was interrupted by the priest shouting, Polluted! Polluted! . Soon a crowd had gathered and they all berated Dakha saying they would need to perform a purification ceremony row. Get off the steps you scavenger! Off with you! Have defiled our whole service! shouted the crossed. Bahka randown to the country yard where hissister was waiting. Here he got a shock as the priest claimed, I have been de filed by contact. This is an example of the hypocrisy of the other castes in their attitude towards the untouchables. The higher castes view them as impure and make them do all the menial labor, yet they all not adverse to sexual relations with them. It seems the idea of impurity is only there to when it suits the higher castes desires. Bakha searches for a salve to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about untouchability by Mahatma Gandhi and a subsequent conversation by two educated Indians, but by the end of the book Anand suggests that it is technology, in the form of the newly introduced flush toilet that may be his savoir by eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners. Bakba is the able bodied son of Lakha, the jamadar of all the sweepers in the town of Bulandshahr. He is made to represent the untouchable section of the society; he is no ordinary sckenger, who is rude, uncouth and unclean. Bakha is representative of the oppressed untouchable caste. We have sympathy for his suffering as he meets with unjust treatment at the hands of the upper caste. He has strong desire to get education. He cannot seek admission in a school because untouchables are not admitted there so he pays oneamma per lesson to two upper caste boys to teach him. It is for his suffering that he is attracted to Mahatma Gandhi and Christ. The fact that sahibs and mohammedans teat his like a human being but only the upper caste Hind us have contempt for him rankles in his mind. Bakha represents a part of the social history of India. He is a victim of social superstition of untouchability. He feels strongly against in human injustice meted out to him. But the protest of the individual is ineffective against the strength of the false morality of the established society. Hence, bakha is presented as a feeble person who is unable to translate his resentment into action. Here Bakha represents as a dalit character. The dominating society saying that they are uncivilized people. So they were tiring to civilizing that people. But there is not civilizing programs on the dalit groups. I think of education or lack of knowledge about the world is the main problem related with them. But the society cant accept, to provide education for the dalit people like Bakha. They think we are mere dirt, Because we clean their dirt, It is the word of Bakba. The aspect in which Bakha is presented offer an elucidating comment on the relations between the self and society considered in terms of untouchability. The colony is a dark, damp, UN congenial place. The thatched mud houses clustered together in two rows are utterly ill- fitted for human habilitation. In looks as through the scavengers, leather workers, washer man, barker, water- carriers and grass- cutters- all these inhabitants of the colony are subhuman non- entities huddled up together. They should be content to live in the gutter like worms only to be crushed by the superior cast people. Dalit is a distinction for a group of people traditionally regarded as untouchable. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous castes from all over the world. Like the character of Bakha, only through the education Dalits can improve their life style or change their awareness about their capacity. Untouchable may be regarded as a classic since it brings into sharp focus what has proved debilitating to Indian society in general, and Hindu society in particular, encompassing several issues affecting the condition of man not only India but also elsewhere in the world. The novel explores the possibilities of interpersonal relations between untouchables and high caste hindus considered in existential terms. However, Anand does not seem to have paid enough attention to one profound aspect of the situation in untouchable, that of his having to reckon with a kind of double consciousness, that is, the sense of the untouchable looking at himself through the eyes of the eye caste Hindus-of measuring ones soul by the tape of a world that looks on in contempt and pity which is bound to give rise to disastrous division within the self. Bakhas predicament would have been all the more meaning full if the growth in his awareness which is sought to be plotted by the novel had been rendered mor e explicit through a probing of this psyche. Coolie is the story of Munoo, a hill by who by a quick of fate is made to leave his idyllic village in the Kangra valley. In search of a means of livelihood and with a naÃÆ' ¯ve dream of seeing a better world. The first contact with reality shatters the innocent aspiration of this orphan boy. His fist employer is minor bank clerk, a powerful caricature of an Indian subordinate driven by an inordinate desire for pleasing his colonial bosses inorder to become an object of their favour. Munoo falls four of an overbearing and ignorant house wife and finally flees her some in a bid to be free from her ill- treatment and taunts. He next finds himself in a primitive pickle and jam factory hidden away among the reeking lanes and dark alleys of the feudal town of daulatpur. The proprietor who has befriended his suddenly finds himself bankrupt because of his partners devious practices and is hurled bank into the rank of the laborers from whence he had sought to rise. Out on the street again ,Munoo becomes a coolies for a chance to serve as a beast of burden. An elephant-driver whom he meets accidently comes to his rescue by giving him a free ride as a stowaway in a train to Bombay. In Bombay he seeks refuge in the family of a poor vagrant and becomes a worker in a cotton mill. It is working in appalling conditions and livings in most fun sanitary environment are absolutely heartrending. He is exposed to a new world of friends and foes, of cut-throat competition and treachery, of the lewd spectacle of vice and depravity of the red light district and of the communal fires enkindled and fed by an irate factory boss to break an impending strike. Finally Munoo is knocked down by the car of an Anglo- Indian woman who takes his to Simla as her servant. Here he died of tuberculosis which was aggravated by his having to pull the rick show for his mistress. The boy is only 15 years old when he succumbs to this then-much-dreaded decease bought on by under- nourishment. There are only two kinds of people in the world: the rich and poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and between the two there is no connection. The present chapter attempts to focus attention on those of Anads novels which have for their theme another evil of no less magnitude- the system of class. Though class- consciousness is inseparable from caste- consciousness. This canker of class system often results in the segregation and subjugation of thousands of people into perpetual misery and eventual extinction. Class has certainly proved more divisive than caste Indian society because it is able to affect every section of the society at the economic, cultural and political levels. The novel Koolie Munnu is a dalit character apart from the Bakha in untouchable. Coolie perspectives a class- ridden society based on cash nexus which proves to be a more complicated and devious world than that one governed by asterism. In this world the underdog, the coolie in this case, though apparently free, is subject to more rigidity and deprivation unlike the sweeper who is assured of this place in the society because of the indispensability of his work. The coolie, ruthlessly exploited and eternally indebted, has no such assuranceor certitude and likes under the perpetual threat of (osing his job.) it is no wonder therefore that Munoo in coolie drifting form place to place for himself in society. What is brought out is a disturbing picture of a harassed underdog, a helpless victim of oppressive forces and a sport of a quixotic destin. He symbolizes the disinherited and the dispossessed of the earth whose tragic life indicates mans inhumanity to man. Coolie is veritable saga of unending pain, suffering and prolonged struggle punctuated only occasionally by brief moments of relief and hope. It presents the various experiences of Munoo at the hand of different Coolie is a veritable saga of unending pain, suffering and prolonged struggle punctuated only occasionally by brief moments of relief and hope. It presents the various experiences of Munoo at the hand of different exploiters in four different places. Thus it is only the exploiters that change: the exploited remains the same. It is same in the case of dalit people the exploiters that change they are the elect class and wealthy people the exploited remains the dalit. Mulk Raj Anands prominent among his novels are the village (1939), Across the Black waters. The road and the sword and the sickle are undoubtedly project a lively image of India. REPRESENTATION OF DALIT IN THE NOVELS OF THAKAZHY Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai (17 April 1912- 10 April 1999) was a novelist and short storywriter of Malayalam language. He is popularly known as Thakazhy, after his place of birth. He was born in the village of Thakazh, in Kuttand, Alapuzha district of Kerala; he started to write stories when he was a schoolboy. His literary taste was nurtured by his high school headmaster Kainkkara Kumara Pillai (1900-1988).who exposed him to Indian literature. He met Kesari A Balakrishna Pillai (1889-1960) while pursuing his law studies in Tiruvananthapuram. He introduced Thakazhi to modern European literature and thought. His novels and short stories basically discussed various aspects of societies in Kerala in the Mid-20th century. He focused on the oppressed classes as the subject of his works, which are known for their attention to historic details. He has written several novels and over 600 short stories. His novel Tottiyude Makan (scavengers son, 1947) is considered a pioneer work in Malayalam realistic novel. It is about modernity challenging the rationale of the caste system, that ones profession should depend on pedigree. His political novel, Radidanagazhi (to measures, 1948) projected the evils of the feudal stem that prevailed in Kerala a ten, especially in Kuttand. The film adaptation, directed and produced by P.Subramaniam from a screenplay by Thakazhi himself, received a certificate of merit at the National Film Award in 1958. His love epic Chemmen (prawans, 1956) which was a departure from his earlier line of realism, met with immense popularity. It told a tragic love story set in the back drop of a fishing village in Alappuzha. The novel, and its film adaptation, also titled Chemmen (1965) earned him national and international fame. He was awarded Indias highest literary award, the Jnapith in 1984. He died in 10th April 1999. Chemmen is a Malayalam novel written by Thakazhi in 1956. Chemmeen tells the story of the relationship between between Karuthamma, the daughter of a Hindu fisherman, and Pareekutti, the son of a muslim wholesaler. The theme of the novel is a myth among the fisher man communities along the coastal Kerala state in the southern India. The myth is about chastity. If the married fisher women infidel when her husband was in the sea, the sea Goddess (Kadalamama) would consume him. Thakazhi made a departure from his a vowed commitment to realism as it appeared in his worie till then brought in a fish breeze of lyricism and romanticism. The novel acquires the quality of fable in which life in the fisher mans community is depicted with great emotional details. Chemmeen won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award Indias second highest literary prize in 1957. Chembankunjus only aim in life is to own a boat and a net. He finally succeeds in buying both with the help of Pareekutty a young muslim trader, on condition that fish hauled by the boat will be sold to him. Chembankunjus pretty daughter Karuthamma and Pareekutty love each other. Karuthamms, mother Chaki Knows about it and reminds her daughter about the life they lead within the boundaries of strict tradition. Karuthamma sacrifies her love for Pareekutty and marries Pallani, an orphan discovered by Chembankunju in the course of one of his fishing expeditions. Following the marriage, Karuthamma accompanies her husband to his village, despite her mothers sudden illness and her fathers request to stay in his fury, Chembankunju dishonest her. On acquiring a boat and a net and subsequently adding one more, Chembankunju becomes more greedy and heartless with his honesty he drives Pareekutty to bankruptcy. After the death of his wife, Chemban kunju marries Pappikkunju, the widow of the man from whom he had brought his first boat Panchami, Chembankunjus younger daughter, and leaves home to join Karuthamma has endeavored to be a good wife and moter. But scandal about her old love for Pareekutty spreads in the village. Pallaniz fiends ostracize him and refuse to take him fishing with them. By a shake of fate, Karuthamma and Pareekutty meet, one night and their old love is awakened. Palani at sea alone and baiting a shark, is caught in a huge whirlpool and is swallowed by the sea. Next morning Karuthamma and Pareekutty are also found dead hand in hand, washed ashore at a distance there lies a baited dead shark. In the novel chemmeen is the representations of Dalit literature mostly focus on Dalits such as blacks, lesbians, gays and other backward classes. Here Tahkazhi represents the Dalit people who are living in the coastal areas espeually they are known as muccuas. Mucuvas are the persons those who are living depended on seas. Sea was their Goddess. The sea gets an important role because their life is depending upon seas. As a mucuvas Karuthanna is entirely different from the other cast ladies. When analyzing the Dalit communities problems they are the vicitims of the social order. The novel chemmeen is the representation of the Dalit ladys problem. She did not get proper education and the right for anything our society considering caste as a major part to measure the value of human being. Here Karuthamma the Dalit lady physically appearing beautifully. Beauty is the one and only quality of her, lack of familiarity in the main stream of the Society badly affected her life as whole. The matters of education dont want to think the person those who are in the Dalit family. The Dalit people always working for their lively hood and earning money. They are not much aware about other developments happening in the society. Education influence the personality of ones irrespective the caste and gender. Illiterate life is the life in the dark. A human being at least should be aware about the world, how it is going on. But here the lady Karuthmma only knew her surroundings of the house . In this novel we cannot see the people from towns. The fisher mens only enjoyment is occurring when they get more fish. Their life is bound only in the sea shore. They are not much aware about they are not much aware about the other technologies and developments in the world. For example Karuthammas fathers main wish is none other that he wants to buy a boat and net of his own. That is what the major ultimate wish of that man. It shows that fishermans imitation of Dreams. For that he was ready cheat another man also. Details are often exploited by other upper class society. But here Karuthamma being exploited by her parents. If she has certain right undoubtedly she will use it. But in the case of her marriage, she did not get a life that she was intended. Unfortunately she was forced to forget the lover Pareekutty. At the same time we have to think about Pareekutty also. He has no the power and encourage to fight and make Karuthamma his own. Even in the patriarchy society Pareekutty is moving backward in the society. So definitely we can say that Dalit people are marginalising again and again. Randidangazhi is another Malayalam novel by Thakazhy Sivasankara Pillai in 1948. The novel tells the story of the cruelty meted out by feudal landlords to improvised farm laborers. It is widely regarded as one of the best political novels in the history of Malayalam literature. In 1958 a film adaptation with the same name was released. Chirutha (Miss Kumari) is the beautiful daughter of a peasant Ittitharakali. Her avaricious father wants to marry her off to the first person who can provide the penpanam or a sort of dowry system that prevailed in the community Koran and Chathan; two peasants are in love with Chiruthai. Chiruthai has a soft corner for Koran who decides to sell himself to the local land lord for a loan. Using this loan money Koran pays the penpanam and wins Chiruthas hand in marriage. A disput arises during the marriage. A landlord demand Thampran panam, a tax levied by the land lords at the time of marriage from their tenants, especially lower caste tenants. Chathan stands by Koran here. Koran and Chirutha move to the neighboring village work in the paddy fields and lead a happy life. Ouseph, the landlord here, is a cruel big of who exploits his laborers terribly Koran protests against this. He organizes the laborers and forms a union to protect their rights. For this he has to pay a huge penalty. Koran is wiped by the land lord. He turns a revolutionary, organizes protests against the land lord that also includes a strike in the fields. Koran also brings to light the shady deals of the land lord. These incidents make Koran a sort of rebel. The land lord hatches a conspiracy against Koran and the peasant leader falls into the trap. He is implicated of charges of theft. Fearing police arrest Koran flees the place. Chacko, the land lords son attempts to molest Chirutha but is foiled by timely arrival of Koran: in the ensuring struggle he strangles Chacko to death. Before Koran is arrested and sentenced to ten years rigorous imprisonment, he had a pregnant Chirutha to C hathan, his intimate friend, and who always nursed a silent love for her.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

John Bergers Another Way of Telling Essay example -- essays research

In John Berger’s essay â€Å"Another Way of Telling,† Berger argues that photographs contain a â€Å"third meaning.† Berger claims that the third meaning is personal and relies almost completely on the individual viewer. As a result, no photograph can convey the same message to any two people and no two photographs can convey the same message to any one person. Here, the validity of Berger’s assumption crumbles. All photographs communicate one absolute truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berger states, â€Å"All subjectivity is treated as private† (100). Yet, claiming that anything subjective within a photograph, its past and future, is personal only supports an absolute truth. The truth, however, is beyond the viewer’s conscious interpretation and the photograph becomes ambiguous. Berger becomes mislead when he compares an individual’s opinion of the past or future of a photograph to the actual truth of the photograph, thus surfaces â€Å"ambiguity.† Even Berger agrees that ambiguity is the result of the viewer’s personal experiences and psychology, but he ignores what the viewer cannot see. When discussing the ambiguity of the photograph of the horse and man, page 85, Berger can only guess as to why the photograph was taken and to what the meaning is. Berger describes this process as, â€Å" . . . a game of inventing meanings† (86). Here, Berger admits to creating meanings, based on his life experiences and his personal psychology. Obviously, if one places his or her own, fictitious meanings unt...

The Bridge Of San Luis Ray Essay -- essays research papers

Thornton Wilder (1897-1975) The Bridge of San Luis Rey The Bridge of San Luis Rey, by Thornton Wilder, presents the ancient dilemma of whether tragedy is the result of chance or a manifestation of divine intervention. It explores the lives of five people and reveals their internal struggles for survival. The sadness that is created by the undying love of the Marquesa de Montemayor for her daughter, Esteban for his twin brother, Manual and Uncle Pio for the vain actress, Camilla Perichole, is so overwhelming in its enormity, that when tragedy strikes, we feel relief that their suffering is finally over. The scene is set in Lima, Peru, in 1714. One afternoon, an ancient bridge broke sending five people to their deaths. Brother Juniper, a Franciscan monk, witnesses this catastrophe and believes he can prove the existence of divine intervention. The first person is the Marquesa de Montemayor along with her servant and companion, Pepita. The Marquesa’s love for her daughter is not returned which sends her into a state of borderline psychosis. She begins to drink heavily and neglects to take care of the most important things in her life. One night while Pepita lay sleeping, the Marquesa is struck with the realization that her love for her daughter is a selfish love and she decides to renounce this love and begin a new life. Esteban and Manuel are orphaned twins found on the steps of a convent and raised by Maria del Pilar. When Manuel dies of an infection, Esteban is in despair and is about to embark on a new life with Captain Alvarado when he crosses the bridge. Camilla Perichole did not die on the bridge but was a victim nonetheless. Uncle Pio, friend and confidant of the Perichole, takes her son to educate him in the Arts and literature. The two never make it across the bridge. The Perichole is a famous actress who plays an important role in the story. â€Å"She is the axis, as it were, around which everything turns†(Stresau 23). She weaves the threads of the story together with her â€Å"passions and perversities†(Fadiman 338). The Perichole is a very selfish woman who indirectly causes the death of Manuel, Esteban’s brother, by destroying his will to live. When Manuel falls in love with the Perichole, the love the brothers' share becomes tainted and is forever destroyed. The only time that Manuel admits this is when he is in a state of such pain, he lashes out: ... ... of tragedy and lets her be the diamond in the rough. She is the one person whose vision is unaltered from the very beginning of the book and to her the other survivors draw their own courage. Camilla Perichole was in such pain over the loss Uncle Pio and her son Don Jaime, that she could no longer live in solitude. She desperately wished to be able to tell them one last time of her love for them. She sought out Maria del Pilar who accepted her with open arms and without judgment. â€Å"I fail everybody,† she cried. â€Å"They love me and I fail them†(Wilder 143). The Marquesa de Montemayor’s daughter, Dona Clara, also came in search of redemption. Her guilt of not returning her mother’s love was consuming her and she wished to be punished. Dona Clara and Camille Perichole began to find new meaning in their lives by helping Maria del Pilar take care of those less fortunate them themselves. The question still remains. Was it an accident or by design? It is best to leave the mystery in place, for to answer it dissolves the meaning of the book. Just knowing that some good came out of a catastrophic event brings pleasure to one’s heart and leaves us believing that it really does not matter.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Rich, Adrienne. Midnight Salvage: Poems 1995-1998. NY: W.W. Norton & Co

Rich, Adrienne. Midnight Salvage: Poems 1995-1998. NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999. A Physical Conversation Adrienne Rich writes a long conversation, in A Long Conversation, with multiple and fluid dialogues. Interpretations of these dialogues are rich, thick and endless. Her dialogues include a conversation between past and present times, between past and present theories, between great minds and regular people, between the subject and creation of art and its place in time, and the conversation of the physical. For Rich, the physical is not just body to body, but also mind to body, and body to time. In recognizing that the physical is just as fluid a dialogue as verbal communication, Rich explores a long physical conversation and gives it new meaning in each of the many sections of the poem. Body to body and heart to heart. Physical communication goes beyond the typical interpretation of sex and can be an internal process. Rich starts her poem with such an acknowledgement, â€Å"-warm bloom of blood in the child’s arterial tree† (53). This first line helps to establish life – the life of a child and the life of the poem. The tree in itself gives solidity in genealogical meaning - generations have come before and generations will follow. The blood in the child’s arterial tree expands out and gives life to all the body, the body that will later/always participate in the long conversation of life. A few lines down, Rich makes reference to death from cold, a throwback to phrases said to kids, â€Å"Come out of the cold, you’ll catch your death.† This cold could freeze the â€Å"bloom of blood,† but what would a child know of that physical interaction. For a child, life is the ball game that he/she is playing, causing â€Å"co lor still high in your... ...inally, Rich paints a picture of beauty in what could be called physical decay. One of the last stanzas says and asks, â€Å"In the dark windowglass/ a blurred face/ - is it still mine?† (69). The blurred face is as much old age as a difficulty grasping the passing of time and seeing the change. The physical identities and actions that occur throughout a lifespan make it difficult to determine the current identity and physically it is hard to believe. Rich makes the physical imagery come full cycle in showing the physical nature of time and communication. The body learns communication in youth and from there fine tweaks and fluidly melds the process physically as much as mentally to carry on life’s long conversation about the world and mankind at large. Looking back from the edge of the end, the journey might be blurred, but there is clarity and beauty in the process. Rich, Adrienne. Midnight Salvage: Poems 1995-1998. NY: W.W. Norton & Co Rich, Adrienne. Midnight Salvage: Poems 1995-1998. NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999. A Physical Conversation Adrienne Rich writes a long conversation, in A Long Conversation, with multiple and fluid dialogues. Interpretations of these dialogues are rich, thick and endless. Her dialogues include a conversation between past and present times, between past and present theories, between great minds and regular people, between the subject and creation of art and its place in time, and the conversation of the physical. For Rich, the physical is not just body to body, but also mind to body, and body to time. In recognizing that the physical is just as fluid a dialogue as verbal communication, Rich explores a long physical conversation and gives it new meaning in each of the many sections of the poem. Body to body and heart to heart. Physical communication goes beyond the typical interpretation of sex and can be an internal process. Rich starts her poem with such an acknowledgement, â€Å"-warm bloom of blood in the child’s arterial tree† (53). This first line helps to establish life – the life of a child and the life of the poem. The tree in itself gives solidity in genealogical meaning - generations have come before and generations will follow. The blood in the child’s arterial tree expands out and gives life to all the body, the body that will later/always participate in the long conversation of life. A few lines down, Rich makes reference to death from cold, a throwback to phrases said to kids, â€Å"Come out of the cold, you’ll catch your death.† This cold could freeze the â€Å"bloom of blood,† but what would a child know of that physical interaction. For a child, life is the ball game that he/she is playing, causing â€Å"co lor still high in your... ...inally, Rich paints a picture of beauty in what could be called physical decay. One of the last stanzas says and asks, â€Å"In the dark windowglass/ a blurred face/ - is it still mine?† (69). The blurred face is as much old age as a difficulty grasping the passing of time and seeing the change. The physical identities and actions that occur throughout a lifespan make it difficult to determine the current identity and physically it is hard to believe. Rich makes the physical imagery come full cycle in showing the physical nature of time and communication. The body learns communication in youth and from there fine tweaks and fluidly melds the process physically as much as mentally to carry on life’s long conversation about the world and mankind at large. Looking back from the edge of the end, the journey might be blurred, but there is clarity and beauty in the process.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Planning: A Key Factor in the Success of a Business

Planning is a key factor in the success of any business, and conversely, the failure to plan adequately is one of the fastest routes to business failure. There are many considerations that an entrepreneur must decide such as: type of business, legal structure, permits and licenses, market planning, business plan, location, organization management planning, business telephone line, mission statement, and a business checking account. There are many sources of information to help to start a business in an organized way, such as a business plan from the office of Economic Development & Planning located in the County Office Building, or books in that can be found in any library. The first decision that the entrepreneur must make is what type of business he/she wants to start. The decision should be based on the amount of knowledge and skill that they have in the field that they are considering. The better that they know the industry, the stronger there likelihood they will have a successful business, and the better base they will have for the rest of the decisions that will have to be made in the time to come. The next important decision in the business planning process is the legal structure of the company. The three legal structures are Sole-proprietorship, Partnership and a Corporation. Each one of these legal structures has its advantages and disadvantages. The different aspects that each legal structure differs are: management control, capital, liability, income taxes, business continuity, and government regulations. The understanding of these different issues is crucial to the decision of which structure is the best one for the entrepreneurs business. Be sure to consult an attorney before making this decision. In a sole-proprietorship, the owner retains total control of all the decisions that need to be made. The ability to raise capital is limited by the financial resources and the credit worthiness of the individual owner. The owner has the ultimate liability for all the actions and debts of the business. A sole-proprietorship is not a separate taxable entity. The individual owner reports business revenue, expenses and net income (or loss) on his/her individual tax return (form 1040). The business ends with death of owner unless previously sold or transferred. The government has very limited regulations, and few records are legally required. A D.B.A. (Doing Business As) form is available at most office supply stores or at a County Department of Economic Development office, which also requires a small fee. Completed form with notarized signatures must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. In a partnership, the control is shared by the partners in accordance with the partnership agreement. If there are two partner†s the agreement does not have to be fifty-fifty. It can be what ever the two decide on in the beginning. The ability to raise capital is expanded somewhat as partners are able to pool their respective financial resources. Both partners have joint and several liabilities for actions and debts of partnership. The partnership is not a separate taxable entity. An information return (form 1065) must be filled out each year to report partnership activity; however, individual partners report their respective shares of income (or loss) personally. The business ends with death of a partner unless written partnership agreement contains transfer conditions. The government has limited regulation and few records are required. They should have a partnership agreement, which is available at most office supply stores or at the local County Department of Economic Development office. Completed form with all signatures notarized must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. It is advisable to consult a lawyer about a partnership agreement before filing the certificate. With a corporation, the day-to-day control rests with the hired management team. Ultimately control is vested with the Board of Directors who are influenced through the voting process by the shareholders. The ability to raise capital is potentially greatly expanded because additional shares of stock may be sold. The liability of the individual shareholders for actions and debts of the Corporation is limited to their equity investment. A C Corporation is a separate taxable entity (form 1120 is required to be filled out). An S Corporation is taxed essentially like a partnership. An information return (form 1120s) must be filled out. The business has a perpetual life distinct from that of its owners. The shares of stock are freely transferable. The government treats a Corporation as a separate legal and taxable entity, and extensive record-keeping is required. There are also complex operating regulations to follow (which differ from state to state). Forms to incorporate are available at any office supply store and should be filed with the Secretary of State in Albany (518-474-6200) if planned start up is in New York State. Licenses and permits are grants of authority from the Federal, State and local political subdivisions to individuals, corporations or partnerships to carry on certain activities. Licenses often involve the payment of fees and proof of qualification by examination. Legally, it is up to you (the business owner) to know if your business requires licensing. Before you start a project, carefully research the applicable state and local laws. For local licenses and permits contact the village/town hall and the county office for local requirements. If you plan to operate a business in your own home, check to make sure you are not in violation of local zoning ordinances. For a construction company the owner or contractor will need to have specific permits and licenses for each job. A call to the County Clerk†s office gets you started with local government. Depending on your plans, you may also need to check with your local planning board, zoning board and building inspector. For construction jobs it is advisable that you check with the DOT regional office in the area of the project to determine if any permits may be necessary for your particular job. There are many occupations in which various governmental agencies and privately owned businesses require the worker to have a license before he/she can work on the project. Each year there will be fewer trades people, contractors, ect., that will need to be licensed. In the years to come it must be expected that all contractors, trades persons, etc. will be required to be licensed by government authority. The majority of cities in the United States require the trades people to be licensed to conduct their business. As the business owner and the employer it is your responsibility to determine if a licensed operator is required for the job. If a license is required you must assure that only a properly licensed person performs the job. The failure to make sure that the employee has the correct license for the job can result in severe penalties and possible imprisonment. It is generally required that in larger cities workers such as carpenters, plumbers, welders, truck drivers, crane operators, heavy equipment operators, masons, steel erectors, laborers, etc., all have the proper licenses. Some licenses are state issued and are required in order to work any place in the state (crane operators, truck drivers, etc.).

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Liberal Principles and Minority Rights Essay

bad Principles and Minority Rights BY shax0521 We live in a world with differences, biases and hindrances we tend to defy into account to be suit fitted to cargon up with the changes happening around us. These differences could be between races,religion, market-gardening, spoken communication, etc. But at heart a country, these differences overly exist. Most countries ar constituted of diversed culture that divides the parliamentary law to the mass and the minorities that establishes cultural differences related problems. It is often hear that minorities are deprived from genuine emancipation and the mass avails most of the scoop previleges that could e dampenn.Minorities are often Judged by distinguishable steoreotypes and prejudices that establishes conflict between the groups. The main imply of Prof. Hans Ingvar Roth, head of the sweden research team of the University of Lund in his bind Liberal Principles and Minority rights, nonage groups subtracticularly in a great(p) classless beau monde should be able to deal with the existing problems confronting their organism and culture in sexual congress to the bountiful precepts by group-targeted measures.These group-targeted measures will be further explained passim the article critique. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief summary of Roths article Liberal Principles and Minority Rights, what are the loose principles of a crowing participatory nightclub how it make believes the condition of the minorities and my point of go steady as a reader. It will also tackle the different romps of a resistant fiat, the problems butt againsted by minorities and the possible solution to the problems. In other words, the behavior of the minorities in a large(p) democratic society.harmonize to Roth, inequalities in modern western societies are set about by the inorities finickyly heathen, racial and unearthly which sometimes seen to way out to discrimi terra firma. The minor ities are confronted by social, political and cultural inequalities which were percieved to be the consequences as a memberofa costless democratic society. Moreover, the absolute legal age enjoys the benefits and priveleges that were given by the society. In comparison to this, to hunch forward the reason why these inequalities occur, we must know the grass roots of this condition. Roth declared in his article his definition ofa open-hearted democratic society.According to him, a wanton democratic society is charcterized by the original institutions or norms that are seen among many of its citizens as essential guidelines for the organization of society. A fully grown democratic society has its liberal principles viz., majoritarian country, set-apart moblity, market providence, meritocracy and neutrality. The setoff principle is the majoritarian body politic or the rule of many . This thought of democracy implies disadvantages to the minorities beca commit literal ly, it shows how minorities are outnumbered by the absolute majority in call of their cultural survival.As stated in the article, this idea of democracy look at serious consequences for defenseless minorities. Furthermore, a nonher(prenominal) liberal principle which is a sum to minorities is free mobility where state get to pretend freely without any intent hindrances only it has its limit in reality. Roth expounded it as the example of open b ordains for refugees from non- european countries in origin to the migration policies implemented on various principle is the easy entrance of majority creation into nonage territories that could threaten the cultural survivability of the last mentioned which is also dependent upon its eography.Moreover, the market prudence as a principle which assumes independence of choice that is considered to be the prevailing poser for arranging economic activities systems in liberal societies. Roth added that according to many of his cr itics, the market economy could lead the majority to cultural conquest over the minorities where the duster has more access to important resources that could affect the cultural life of a country. It is considered to be the most high-octane among other economic systems. another(prenominal) liberal principle is meritocracy.According to Roth, merit should portion out the appropriation of employment and places in higher(prenominal) instruction. This implies that the majority will dominate the parturiency-market of the society and eventually earn the highest ranks in offices. This would result to the alienation of the minorities in any encounter of several hammers of higher education beca mapping the majority gets the best priveleges they could down in the society. In addition, Roth cited another principle which is neutrality or even-handedness.This occurs when the authorities doesnt interfere with certain insurance policy decisions uided by phantasmal views or considerable philiosophies of life and this kind of action implies contradiction in terms to relgious minorities and securalism in some way entice the society. The abovementioned principles in any circumstances could bear out in conflict with one another. As we arrest tackled the 5 principles of a liberal democratic society, it is also important to know some features of this kind of society which could have significant consequences on the cultural stand of different minorities in the society.The first feature is tongue franca which refers to having a everyday words in the society for he people have one row they could use to communicate with each other. Roth stated in his article that the speech communication is an important component part for the cultural identity element of a group. Eventually, the talking to of the majority will be the clapper franca receivable to its long history in the country and the minorities must accept it and use to be able to communicate with others.Howeve r, this doesnt mean that the languages from the minorities cannot be recognized as official languages in significant field of study of society such(prenominal) as education or law. Another feature of a liberal democratic society is nation building. Roth referred it as the creation of various institutions, traditions and spheres of society in which it will be bear upon by the long history of the majority group. In this case, it stresses that even without ethnic or cultural nationalism the majority culture is advantageous because of its historical standing in the society.According to Roth, cultural deliverance of nonage groups depend on the members itself. They should have the best interest in maintaining and preserving their culture. A part from Roths article tackled about the share values in the ulticultural debate for nonage rights where possessing a secure cultural be could be valuable in a way that it is an important condition to an individualist well being or it could be a crucial part of a ones personal identity or as a model adapting the majoritys culture and consolidation or affiliate with the majority on the other side.However, they have one common view that nonage groups should not buttock anu unfair or excessive burdens in maintaining their cultures. Furthermore, if a minority group had encountered am intense inequality from the other groups in he society, they should pay for the serious cultural disadvantage that the minority group faces. In other words, cultural diversity should be reagarded as a valuable target area for the whole society and a shared public responsibility to secure the preservation of the minority culture.However, if a certain minority in question have encountered no grim history of discrimination, and its cultural changes was due to voluntary change of its own members, it conditions produce more unclear. The members itself should pay the price of maintaining or preserving their culture given hat they have been attr acted to the majority culture. In addition, the majority is not coerced to share a costs of preserving that particular minority. As discussed earlier, there are ethnic and religious minorities in a society and their situation could be less aureate in certain conditions.Roth emphasized in his article that cultural influence by the majority usually occurs to the minorities that live in so-called open agricultural territories, flyspeck in size and the history of discrimination. Furthermore, it was worried that shared language, religion and a istory of discrimination or an idea of geographic fix make the minorit group maintain their culture. thither are minority groups that prefer to run into independence and others to lower their claims and instead get to for various forms of cultural autonomy.In the complete article, the two main problems of minorities in relation to the liberal principles are cultural preservation and problems of integration. According to him, problems of prese rvation arise when liberal principles such as free mobility and the moment of a market economy whitethorn threaten a traditional form of community life. Due to the dominance of the majority in terms of size, resources and historical standing, these principles persist to their cultural advantage. Furthermore, the practice of having a lingua franca gives more disadvantage to the minorities in terms of preservation of their own language.The abovementioned problems has its group-targeted measures so that the minority culture will survive. These are metaphors the fence, the ladder, the jumping-off place and the plane. With these meaures, there could be a continous existence of minority groups in liberal democratic societies. Through the fence it ould take form of exceptions from laws that burden traditional cultural practices or even property rights that would prevent majority universe from buying lands from the minority territories.In addition, Roth used the cultural autonomy with r egards to certain forms of legislation such as family as an example of a fence which protects the minority from being influenced by the family customs of the majority. Another measure is the ladder wherein group theatrical performance should be practiced by religious and ethnic groups in order to have a level of representation in the society. This metaphor can neutralize and bleached unfair thresholds or hindrances such as blind spots, various forms of animosity, stereotypes and nepotism.To be able to gain entrance in the main sphere of society in rancor of the diminish this hindrances in the remote future. The first measure or rule is called the jumping-off place that would present opportunities to minorities such as labour market and higher education in instances that they face discrimination and prJudices in the society. According to Roth, the springboard is not enough for minorities to be able to enter to such society that is hy the plane was created. It is considered to be the supplementary method of the springboard.It aims to alter engrained and stubborn attitudes and habits among the majority population through information campaigns and cross-cultural meet places. From what I understand in the Roths article, inequalities of minorities in the society are caused by the liberal principles. I agree on it due to the different situations presented in the article. These principles namely majoritarian democracy, free mobility, meritocracy, market economy and neutrality are advantageous to the ajority population and affect the minoritys cultural preservation.The articles premises are becalm valid according to the current situations in most western countries. His interpretation of the evidences presented were potential to lead us to the same destination that the liberal principles should be improved sort of than to replace them with something different in order to solve such inequalities in such society. His arguments regarding the disadvantages of the m inorities in the society such as the lingua franca where the majoritys language will be the official language of the ociety and meritocracy where the majority gets the highest ranks in the offices had the biggest impact to me which I agree on.If we compare it to the philippines, a non- liberal democratic country but compose of a majority and minorities, due to the geographical boundary and size of population of christians with tagalog as their language is considered to be the official language of the country, officially called as Filipino and in terms of meritocracy, the muslims as a minority experience biases regarding employment in government and other fields of offices because of different stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination.